Skeptical inquirer - The Skeptical Inquirer is the world’s renowned, go-to publication to investigate, evaluate, and analyze extraordinary claims. It draws upon the world’s best scientists, scholars, skeptical investigators, and science journalists to find out what the facts and evidence show and then let you know the results in clear, readable prose.

 
The original article in Skeptical Inquirer Winter 1986–87 had a relaxed cover picture by artist Ron Chironna and this introduction by Editor Kendrick Frazier: “We begin publication in this issue of Geoffrey Dean’s two-part ‘Does Astrology Need to Be True?’ a comprehensive investigation of the claims of serious astrology as defined by ‘serious’ …. Red alert israel

Conservative justices appear skeptical federal law requires emergency abortion care. 3 hours ago. States where abortion is on the ballot in the 2024 election. …Apr 11, 2024 · Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... First as a young science journalist, I became editor of Science News and stayed at the helm there for seven full years. I went straight from SN to SI. I became editor of Skeptical Inquirer in August 1977 and have had the good fortune to edit the world’s leading magazine of science and reason for all that time.For more about the Mill Creek tracks, see my article in the Skeptical Inquirer, Spring 1989, pp. 264-272. Richard Noll, a longtime Bigfoot enthusiast, loaned Crowley his copy of the Onion Mountain print and allowed Crowley to make a copy of it. Crowley supplied me with a copy of the e-mail exchange made in November 2005.Apr 18, 2023 · Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... John C. Sherwood of Pennsylvania, a reporter and editor for Gannett Co. newspapers for twenty-eight years, has written interactive mysteries and books on magic. Contact him at [email protected] or MysteryVisits.com. From: Volume 41, No. 6. November / December 2017. The seventieth anniversary of the so-called Roswell Incident came and went this past summer with a refreshing lack of fuss. One might even hope to think the passions it evokes among believers that a flying saucer crashed on a ranch in south-central New Mexico back in July 1947 have, over time ... in Skeptical Inquirer magazine, including her “Reality Is the Best Medicine” columns published since the September/October 2018 issue; skepticalinquirer.org, where her monthly “SkepDoc’s Corner” columns have been published since September 2016, including some that were translated into Spanish by Alejandro Borgo of the Center for ...WASHINGTON (AP) — Conservative Supreme Court justices appeared skeptical Wednesday that state abortion bans after their sweeping ruling overturning …Editor’s note: Psychologist and CSI Fellow Elizabeth Loftus is one of the world’s leading experts on human memory. She has long been outspoken in her criticisms of the controversial claims about repressed memories and innovative in her research showing how false memories can easily be created. She is Distinguished Professor of …Feb 28, 2023 · Founded in Washington, D.C., by G. Marion Pettie, the Finders were described as a school that “operates on the principle that life is a series of games. To play the games, a person must follow the rules by acting a certain way in every situation” (Bentley 1987). The actual date of the group’s founding seems to be a matter of dispute ... Veteran cryptozoologist Loren Coleman and others have joined the chorus of complainers that a conspiracy-esque “wall of skeptical ridicule” silences witnesses; Joshua Blu Buhs, in his book Bigfoot: The Life and Times of a Legend, even suggests without evidence that ridicule is “the skeptics’ primary weapon.”.Rob became a skeptical activist when he joined the Guerrilla Skepticism on Wikipedia team in 2016, and began writing for skepticalinquirer.org in 2018. Rob can be contacted at [email protected] Like Rob's Facebook page to get notified when his articles are published. See more articles.Pinker, a longtime Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Fellow, is the author of eight books, including How the Mind Works, The Blank Slate, The. Language Instinct, and most recently The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined. The interview focuses on the premise of his. latest book: that we now live in the least violent and most ...After that, the addition of the false etymology created an aura of scholarship about the article (to be fair, procedures for creating and adding to Wikipedia articles have tightened since then; see “Skepticism One Wikipage at a Time: Talking with Wikiskeptic Susan Gerbic-Forsyth” in the March/April 2012 Skeptical Inquirer). The Nobel Disease: Eight Thumbnail Sketches. Linus Pauling (1901–1994) received the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the chemical bond (he also won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962). In 1941, Pauling was diagnosed with Bright’s disease, which causes chronic inflammation of the kidneys. Mark Edward did a cold-reading demonstration event at CSICon in 2017; the workshop was all skeptics, and you needed a separate ticket to attend. We obtained a list with about fifty names of people who would be at the workshop. ... Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for …A new film, dedicated to CSI Fellow and Skeptical Inquirer columnist Harriet “SkepDoc” Hall, describes the rise of the anti-vaccination movement from long before COVID-19 to the present day. The film’s executive producer is Academy Award–winning documentarian Mark Jonathan Harris, and the film is produced by Laura Davis and directed and ...2. Your Uncle Wants to Avoid Cognitive Dissonance. If you put yourself in the shoes of one of these vaccine rejectors, you can understand why—even in the face of the more virulent Delta variant—they are not going to change their minds now. At the beginning, there was a moment when things might have gone the other way.August 22, 2022. Nick Tiller. Kinesiology tape, also known as Kinesio Tape, KT Tape, or just K-Tape, is made from 100 percent cotton fiber and “specialized elastic cores” that stretch in length but not width, allowing it to move and flex with muscles and joints. The Skeptic’s Guide to Sports Science.Pinker, a longtime Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Fellow, is the author of eight books, including How the Mind Works, The Blank Slate, The. Language Instinct, and most recently The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined. The interview focuses on the premise of his. latest book: that we now live in the least violent and most ... Harriet Hall, MD, a retired Air Force physician and flight surgeon, writes and educates about pseudoscientific and so-called alternative medicine. She is a contributing editor and frequent contributor to the Skeptical Inquirer and contributes to the blog Science-Based Medicine. She is author of Women Aren’t Supposed to Fly: Memoirs of a Female Flight Surgeon and coauthor of the 2012 textbook ... Jan 23, 2023 · in Skeptical Inquirer magazine, including her “Reality Is the Best Medicine” columns published since the September/October 2018 issue skepticalinquirer.org , where her monthly SkepDoc’s Corner columns have been published since September 2016, including some that were translated into Spanish by Alejandro Borgo of the Center for Inquiry ... Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... Joe Nickell. Joe Nickell, PhD, is senior research fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) and “Investigative Files” columnist for Skeptical Inquirer.A former stage magician, private investigator, and teacher, he is author of numerous books, including Inquest on the Shroud of Turin (1983), Pen, Ink and Evidence (1990), Unsolved History …For more about the Mill Creek tracks, see my article in the Skeptical Inquirer, Spring 1989, pp. 264-272. Richard Noll, a longtime Bigfoot enthusiast, loaned Crowley his copy of the Onion Mountain print and allowed Crowley to make a copy of it. Crowley supplied me with a copy of the e-mail exchange made in November 2005.Editor’s note: Psychologist and CSI Fellow Elizabeth Loftus is one of the world’s leading experts on human memory. She has long been outspoken in her criticisms of the controversial claims about repressed memories and innovative in her research showing how false memories can easily be created. She is Distinguished Professor of …Benjamin Radford, M.Ed., is a scientific paranormal investigator, a research fellow at the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, deputy editor of the Skeptical Inquirer, and author, co-author, contributor, or editor of twenty books and over a thousand articles on skepticism, critical thinking, and science literacy. His newest book is America the ...Joe Nickell. Joe Nickell, PhD, is senior research fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) and “Investigative Files” columnist for Skeptical Inquirer.A former stage magician, private investigator, and teacher, he is author of numerous books, including Inquest on the Shroud of Turin (1983), Pen, Ink and Evidence (1990), Unsolved History …Skeptical Inquirer Volume 41, No. 4. The Fires of Creationists, and Rallying for Science. Academies Report Urges Bolstered Efforts to Protect Integrity of Science. A Scientist Pushes Psychology Journals toward Open Data. …The Day After Tomorrow is produced, written, and directed by Roland Emmerich, best known for Independence Day and a remake of Godzilla. Emmerich’s trademark is the spectacular destruction of global landmarks. (Think of the laser beam annihilation of the White House in Independence Day, or Godzilla’s attack on the …Peter Popoff says he’s a healer and a prophet of God. His former employee says he’s something quite different. A sixty-eight-year old German American minister, Popoff’s biggest claim to fame is that in 1986, he was taken down by arch skeptic James Randi on Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show.Randi, along with a private investigator, …Jan 23, 2023 · in Skeptical Inquirer magazine, including her “Reality Is the Best Medicine” columns published since the September/October 2018 issue skepticalinquirer.org , where her monthly SkepDoc’s Corner columns have been published since September 2016, including some that were translated into Spanish by Alejandro Borgo of the Center for Inquiry ... In a recent issue of the Skeptical Inquirer, Editor Kendrick Frazier (July/August 2021) noted that UFOs, and the space aliens who putatively drive them, are actually being taken seriously by current mainstream media. This is happening in outlets we would normally expect to showcase scientific thinking rather than UFO promotion and publicity. WASHINGTON (AP) — Conservative Supreme Court justices appeared skeptical Wednesday that state abortion bans after their sweeping ruling overturning …Conservative justices appear skeptical federal law requires emergency abortion care. 3 hours ago. States where abortion is on the ballot in the 2024 election. …On June 21, 2019, a new couple purchased a fourteen-room farmhouse on eight and a half acres in Harrisville, Rhode Island, for approximately $439,000 (Mroch 2019). Normally such an event wouldn’t be a big deal—much less make news—but this was not an ordinary house. This was the infamous residence known to the world as “The Conjuring ...Skeptical Inquirer Presents. Skeptical Inquirer Presents is a series of live online presentations from leading experts in science, skepticism, medicine, media, activism, and advocacy, all devoted to the cause of advancing science over pseudoscience, media literacy over conspiracy theories, and critical thinking over magical thinking. ...On this voyage, we travel to Fall/Winter 1976 to examine the original Skeptical Inquirer (Vol. 1, no. 1). Some cultural context to summon your late 1976 zeitgeist: “Disco Duck” became a number 1 hit (October 16). Jimmy Carter defeated Gerald Ford in the United States presidential election (November 2). Classic horror film Carrie brought ...Description. The Skeptical Inquirer is the world’s renowned, go-to publication to investigate, evaluate, and analyze extraordinary claims.It draws upon the world’s best scientists, scholars, skeptical investigators, and science journalists to find out what the facts and evidence show and then let you know the results in clear, readable prose.in Skeptical Inquirer magazine, including her “Reality Is the Best Medicine” columns published since the September/October 2018 issue skepticalinquirer.org , where her monthly SkepDoc’s Corner columns have been published since September 2016, including some that were translated into Spanish by Alejandro Borgo of the Center for …Skeptical activism emerged, at least in part, to challenge such malevolent messaging. In a recent article for Scientific American , Dr. Peter Hotez wrote: Antiscience has emerged as a dominant and highly lethal force, and one that threatens global security, as much as do terrorism and nuclear proliferation.Joe Nickell. Joe Nickell, PhD, is senior research fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) and “Investigative Files” columnist for Skeptical Inquirer.A former stage magician, private investigator, and teacher, he is author of numerous books, including Inquest on the Shroud of Turin (1983), Pen, Ink and Evidence (1990), Unsolved History …Benjamin Radford. Benjamin Radford, M.Ed., is a scientific paranormal investigator, a research fellow at the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, deputy editor of the Skeptical Inquirer, and author, co-author, contributor, or editor of twenty books and over a thousand articles on skepticism, critical thinking, and science literacy. His newest book ...2. Your Uncle Wants to Avoid Cognitive Dissonance. If you put yourself in the shoes of one of these vaccine rejectors, you can understand why—even in the face of the more virulent Delta variant—they are not going to change their minds now. At the beginning, there was a moment when things might have gone the other way.Polls and surveys have found that about a quarter of Americans are superstitious (e.g., Moore 2000; Orth 2022). At the high end of the scale, there have occasionally been … That joke came to my mind when I read three short tributes to biologist E.O. Wilson in Skeptical Inquirer (May/June 2022). Wilson passed away on December 26, 2021, at age ninety-two. The tributes are by evolutionary biologist and science popularizer Richard Dawkins, evolutionary developmental biologist Sean B. Carroll, and cognitive linguist ... Rob Palmer has had a diverse career in engineering, having worked as a spacecraft designer, an aerospace project engineer, a computer programmer, and a software systems engineer. Rob became a skeptical activist when he joined the Guerrilla Skepticism on Wikipedia team in 2016, and began writing for skepticalinquirer.org in 2018.At its core, Missing411 is the vague claim that something unusual is occurring related to deaths and disappearances in national parks. The concept has been steeped in the milieu of conspiracy and the supernatural, as Paulides frequently appears on paranormal-oriented radio shows and podcasts to discuss it. A forthcoming documentary appears to ...Benjamin Radford, M.Ed., is a scientific paranormal investigator, a research fellow at the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, deputy editor of the Skeptical Inquirer, and author, co-author, contributor, or editor of twenty books and over a thousand articles on skepticism, critical thinking, and science literacy. His newest book is America the ...Andrew Fraknoi, Kendrick Frazier. From: Volume 45, No. 5. September/October 2021. Many scientists and skeptics expressed concern to us about the New Yorker article “The U.F.O. Papers” (in the May 10 printed edition). We know of at least two who submitted letters to the magazine about it. The New Yorker didn’t publish them, but here they are:Benjamin Radford. Benjamin Radford, M.Ed., is a scientific paranormal investigator, a research fellow at the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, deputy editor of the Skeptical Inquirer, and author, co-author, contributor, or editor of twenty books and over a thousand articles on skepticism, critical thinking, and science literacy. His newest book ... Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... Benjamin Radford, M.Ed., is a scientific paranormal investigator, a research fellow at the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, deputy editor of the Skeptical Inquirer, and author, co-author, contributor, or editor of twenty books and over a thousand articles on skepticism, critical thinking, and science literacy. His newest book is America the ...Conservative justices appear skeptical federal law requires emergency abortion care. 3 hours ago. States where abortion is on the ballot in the 2024 election. … Volume 46, No. 1. From Russia’s Stalin to Climate Change—The Irrational World of Motivated Reasoning. January/February 2022. The direction of all eight of these errors is consistent in tending to indicate a temporal association. It is unlikely that these were simply accidental copying errors. It indicates that the authors falsified the temporal associations between MMR vaccine administration and development of behavioral symptoms. Fraud 3.Join Skeptical Inquirer Presents for live online presentations from leading experts on topics such as science education, hate in the homeland, …February 15, 2024. Well not really, but I suppose to explain the past three weeks I should start with the Bent Spoon award the Australian Skeptics gave to award-winning journalist Ross Coulthart. The Bent Spoon is a tongue-in-cheek award “presented to the perpetrator of the most preposterous piece of paranormal or pseudoscientific piffle.”.Randi convinced the world that the skeptical approach is a blast. He wrote and performed with joyful, stinging, defiant wit. He gave skepticism all the fun and romance of a daredevil magic show. He showed how advocating science can be wicked fun, rebellious, full of high adventure, spy-movie derring-do, and laughs.A critical driver of the politicization of science is the perception of threat to religious beliefs, and the school choice issue brings this into sharp focus. For example, many evangelicals feel that tax-supported vouchers should be used to promote anti-science religious dogmas such as creationism.After that, the addition of the false etymology created an aura of scholarship about the article (to be fair, procedures for creating and adding to Wikipedia articles have tightened since then; see “Skepticism One Wikipage at a Time: Talking with Wikiskeptic Susan Gerbic-Forsyth” in the March/April 2012 Skeptical Inquirer).Join Skeptical Inquirer Presents for live online presentations from leading experts on topics such as science education, hate in the homeland, …Letters – Vol. 46, no. 4. Afloat in Misinformation As a former teacher of undergraduate and graduate students, I appreciate Melanie Trecek-King’s excellent articles in Skeptical inquirer (“Teach Skills, Not Facts,” January/February 2022, and “A Life Preserver for Staying Afloat in a Sea of Misinformation,” March/April 2022).The Hills, as many skeptics know, spawned the “alien abduction” craze, and their experiences set the template for many later reports. ... Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... Logo of the Skeptical Inquirer. CSI publishes the magazine Skeptical Inquirer, which was founded by Truzzi, under the name The Zetetic. The journal was under Truzzi's editorship for the first year, until August 1977. The magazine was retitled to Skeptical Inquirer with Kendrick Frazier, former editor of Science News, serving as its editor. In ...Founded in 1976, Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) with the subtitle: The Magazine for Science and Reason. According to their about pa ge they “promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims.”.Join Skeptical Inquirer Presents for live online presentations from leading experts on topics such as science education, hate in the homeland, …Skeptical Inquirer Presents. Skeptical Inquirer Presents is a series of live online presentations from leading experts in science, skepticism, medicine, media, activism, and advocacy, all devoted to the cause of advancing science over pseudoscience, media literacy over conspiracy theories, and critical thinking over magical thinking.August 22, 2022. Nick Tiller. Kinesiology tape, also known as Kinesio Tape, KT Tape, or just K-Tape, is made from 100 percent cotton fiber and “specialized elastic cores” that stretch in length but not width, allowing it to move and flex with muscles and joints. The Skeptic’s Guide to Sports Science.A new film, dedicated to CSI Fellow and Skeptical Inquirer columnist Harriet “SkepDoc” Hall, describes the rise of the anti-vaccination movement from long before COVID-19 to the present day. The film’s executive producer is Academy Award–winning documentarian Mark Jonathan Harris, and the film is produced by Laura Davis and directed and ... Skeptical Inquirer is the official journal of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. On a bimonthly basis, Skeptical Inquirer publishes critical scientific evaluations of paranormal and fringe-science claims and informed discussion of all relevant issues. According to Editor Kendrick Frazier: "Skeptical Inquirer is an unusual hybrid, part semi ... Joe Nickell. Joe Nickell, PhD, is senior research fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) and “Investigative Files” columnist for Skeptical Inquirer.A former stage magician, private investigator, and teacher, he is author of numerous books, including Inquest on the Shroud of Turin (1983), Pen, Ink and Evidence (1990), Unsolved History (1992) and Adventures in Paranormal ... WASHINGTON (AP) — Conservative Supreme Court justices appeared skeptical Wednesday that state abortion bans after their sweeping ruling overturning …A Netflix Original Film. 2021. Directed by Adam McKay. Starring Jennifer Lawrence and Leonardo DiCaprio. Hollywood has always had trouble with science. To its credit, the American Film Institute (AFI) recognized the problem and ran a series of Catalyst Workshops to help scientists learn the art of storytelling and translate their work into film.April 21, 2024 at 9:00 PM PDT. Listen. 3:02. Volkswagen AG faces an uphill battle to convince investors it can turn around its business in China. After being …By Andrea Nicolotti. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2020. 523 pp. Hardcover, $59.95. The remarkable thing about the Shroud of Turin is that it started out as merely a painting but ended up being treated as a relic—namely a piece of cloth bearing an imprint of Jesus’s dead body. Church historian Andrea Nicolotti’s tome on the ...

The Day After Tomorrow is produced, written, and directed by Roland Emmerich, best known for Independence Day and a remake of Godzilla. Emmerich’s trademark is the spectacular destruction of global landmarks. (Think of the laser beam annihilation of the White House in Independence Day, or Godzilla’s attack on the …. U of m cu

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At its core, Missing411 is the vague claim that something unusual is occurring related to deaths and disappearances in national parks. The concept has been steeped in the milieu of conspiracy and the supernatural, as Paulides frequently appears on paranormal-oriented radio shows and podcasts to discuss it. A forthcoming documentary appears to ...Scène de la peste de 1720 à la Tourette (Marseille) by Michel Serre (1658–1733) (Wikimedia) Even in the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918, the medical science and healthcare facilities in the United States were far behind what they are today.Conspiracy theories in particular are notoriously resilient to criticism (Goertzel 2011). Many people remained convinced of Pizzagate and—as is typical with conspiracy theories—public disconfirmation only served to convince diehards of a cover-up in the works. To believers, it seems the media doth protest too much.Logo of the Skeptical Inquirer. CSI publishes the magazine Skeptical Inquirer, which was founded by Truzzi, under the name The Zetetic. The journal was under Truzzi's editorship for the first year, until August 1977. The magazine was retitled to Skeptical Inquirer with Kendrick Frazier, former editor of Science News, serving as its editor. In ...From: Volume 46, No. 3. May/June 2022. “Debating creationists on the topic of evolution is rather like trying to play chess with a pigeon—it knocks the pieces over, craps on the board, and flies back to its flock to claim victory.”1. This famous quote is by Scott D. Weitzenhoffer, who wrote it as an Amazon.com review for Eugenie Scott’s ...The President is one of countless people who have come to believe that there is a “97% consensus” on anthropogenic global warming (AGW). Since it is inconceivable that any climate scientist today could have no opinion on the subject, if 97 percent accept AGW it follows that 3 percent reject it. To those outside of science, 3 percent may ...Benjamin Radford, M.Ed., is a scientific paranormal investigator, a research fellow at the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, deputy editor of the Skeptical Inquirer, and author, co-author, contributor, or editor of twenty books and over a thousand articles on skepticism, critical thinking, and science literacy. His newest book is America the ...From: Volume 46, No. 3. May/June 2022. “Debating creationists on the topic of evolution is rather like trying to play chess with a pigeon—it knocks the pieces over, craps on the board, and flies back to its flock to claim victory.”1. This famous quote is by Scott D. Weitzenhoffer, who wrote it as an Amazon.com review for Eugenie Scott’s ...Apr 11, 2024 · Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. PO Box 703 Amherst, NY 14226 800-634-1610 or (716) 636-1425. Center for Inquiry – Headquarters. PO Box 741 Amherst, NY 14226 (716) 636 ... The Skeptical Inquirer is the world’s renowned, go-to publication to investigate, evaluate, and analyze extraordinary claims. It draws upon the world’s best scientists, scholars, skeptical investigators, and science journalists to find out what the facts and evidence show and then let you know the results in clear, readable prose. There’s another reason athletes are ice bathing; it does reduce muscle pain. As alluded to in the prologue, cold water numbs the skin and partially blocks pain signals that would otherwise race back to the brain. If you have sore and dilapidated muscles, an ice bath might help. But pain is a subjective phenomenon.Feb 28, 2023 · Founded in Washington, D.C., by G. Marion Pettie, the Finders were described as a school that “operates on the principle that life is a series of games. To play the games, a person must follow the rules by acting a certain way in every situation” (Bentley 1987). The actual date of the group’s founding seems to be a matter of dispute ... .

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